Are you searching for reliable 20 Top Blockchain Development Companies in India ? With its rapidly growing tech landscape, India has emerged as a global hub for blockchain innovation, offering a vast pool of skilled IT professionals well-versed in various blockchain technologies. Companies in India provide cost-effective solutions without compromising on quality, enabling businesses to leverage cutting-edge technology for enhanced security and efficiency. When choosing a blockchain development partner, it’s crucial to consider their experience, technical expertise, and ability to offer customized solutions tailored to your unique business needs. By selecting the right firm, you can harness the potential of blockchain to transform your operations and stay competitive in today’s digital landscape.
Table of Contents
20 Top Blockchain Development Companies in India.
Here’s a table summarizing the 20 Top Blockchain Development Companies in India along with their key details:
| Company | Overview | Key Data | Services | Why Choose |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Next Big Technology (NBT) | A prominent blockchain development company specializing in innovative solutions across industries. | Founded: 2010 HQ: Jaipur, India Employees: 150+ |
Blockchain Development, Smart Contract Development, Blockchain Consulting, Token Development, Private/Public Solutions | Experienced team, customized solutions, end-to-end services, focus on security. |
| Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) | A global leader in IT services and consulting with a dedicated blockchain practice. | Founded: 1968 HQ: Mumbai, India Employees: 500,000+ |
Blockchain Consulting, Custom Blockchain Development, Smart Contract Development | Extensive industry experience, aligned solutions with business objectives. |
| Wipro | A multinational corporation focusing on seamless blockchain adoption and enhanced operational efficiency. | Founded: 1945 HQ: Bangalore, India Employees: 250,000+ |
Blockchain Strategy and Advisory, Blockchain Development and Integration, Managed Services | Commitment to innovation and strong client collaboration. |
| Infosys | Renowned for providing IT services, Infosys enhances security and efficiency through blockchain solutions. | Founded: 1981 HQ: Bangalore, India Employees: 300,000+ |
Blockchain Development, Digital Asset Management, Smart Contracts | Deep industry expertise and technology prowess. |
| Cognizant | A leading services company transforming operations with scalable blockchain solutions. | Founded: 1994 HQ: Teaneck, USA Employees: 350,000+ |
Blockchain Strategy and Implementation, Blockchain Application Development, Custom Smart Contracts | Focus on technology innovation and client success. |
| Tech Mahindra | Part of the Mahindra Group, delivering transformative blockchain solutions. | Founded: 1986 HQ: Pune, India Employees: 125,000+ |
Blockchain Consulting, Decentralized Application Development, Hyperledger Development | Focus on innovation and customer-centric solutions. |
| Accenture | Global professional services company providing a broad range of blockchain services. | Founded: 1989 HQ: Dublin, Ireland Employees: 700,000+ |
Blockchain Strategy and Advisory, Custom Blockchain Application Development, Blockchain Ecosystem Development | Vast resources and industry expertise. |
| Zensar Technologies | Digital solutions company leveraging blockchain to enhance business operations. | Founded: 1922 HQ: Pune, India Employees: 10,000+ |
Blockchain Strategy, Custom Blockchain Solutions, Smart Contracts Development | Commitment to innovation and a customer-centric approach. |
| Eleks | Software development company specializing in high-quality blockchain solutions. | Founded: 1991 HQ: Lviv, Ukraine Employees: 1,000+ |
Blockchain Consulting and Strategy, Custom Blockchain Software Development, Decentralized Applications | Strong emphasis on R&D and innovative solutions. |
| Intellectsoft | Provides custom software services including scalable blockchain solutions. | Founded: 2007 HQ: Palo Alto, USA Employees: 200+ |
Blockchain Application Development, Smart Contracts Development, Token Development | Combination of technology expertise and industry knowledge. |
| HashCash Consultants | Blockchain technology company providing innovative solutions for operational efficiency and transparency. | Founded: 2015 HQ: Palo Alto, USA Employees: 150+ |
Blockchain Development, Cryptocurrency Exchange Development, ICO Services | Innovative approach with a dedicated team. |
| OpenXcell | Leading mobile app and software development company offering blockchain services. | Founded: 2009 HQ: Ahmedabad, India Employees: 250+ |
Blockchain Development, Smart Contract Development, ICO and Token Development | Commitment to quality and customer satisfaction. |
| SoluLab | Premier blockchain development company providing end-to-end solutions. | Founded: 2014 HQ: Atlanta, USA Employees: 150+ |
Blockchain Development and Consulting, Smart Contracts Development, Cryptocurrency Wallet Development | Focus on innovation and customer-centric solutions. |
| Hyperlink InfoSystem | Top-rated blockchain development company known for comprehensive services. | Founded: 2011 HQ: Ahmedabad, India Employees: 250+ |
Blockchain Application Development, Smart Contract Development, ICO and Token Development | Strong portfolio and dedicated team. |
| Blockchain App Factory | Specializes in creating comprehensive blockchain solutions tailored to business needs. | Founded: 2017 HQ: Chennai, India Employees: 100+ |
Blockchain Development, Cryptocurrency Exchange Development, ICO Services | Expertise in blockchain technology and commitment to value. |
| Minddeft Technologies | Emerging blockchain development company focusing on innovative solutions. | Founded: 2016 HQ: Noida, India Employees: 50+ |
Custom Blockchain Development, Smart Contract Development, Blockchain Consulting | Focus on innovation and agility. |
| iPraxa | Offers a wide range of services to help businesses implement blockchain effectively. | Founded: 2014 HQ: Noida, India Employees: 100+ |
Blockchain Consulting, Decentralized Application Development, Smart Contracts Development | Dedicated team and commitment to quality. |
| Acoer | Specializes in blockchain solutions that improve transparency and efficiency. | Founded: 2016 HQ: San Diego, USA Employees: 50+ |
Blockchain Application Development, Smart Contracts Development, Blockchain Integration | Commitment to delivering innovative and effective solutions. |
| ChainSafe Systems | Focused on building decentralized applications and providing blockchain consulting services. | Founded: 2017 HQ: Toronto, Canada Employees: 100+ |
Decentralized Application Development, Blockchain Consulting, Smart Contract Development | Focus on decentralization and accessibility. |
| Trends in Blockchain | Tech consulting company specializing in blockchain solutions for operational efficiency. | Founded: 2018 HQ: Mumbai, India Employees: 50+ |
Blockchain Development, Smart Contracts Development, Blockchain Consulting | Dedication to innovation and customer satisfaction. |
| Covalent | Focuses on building scalable and efficient blockchain solutions for businesses. | Founded: 2020 HQ: Bangalore, India Employees: 50+ |
Custom Blockchain Development, Smart Contract Development, Blockchain Consulting | Focus on delivering high-quality, innovative solutions. |
1. Next Big Technology (NBT)
Overview
Next Big Technology (NBT) is a prominent blockchain development company based in Jaipur, India, specializing in innovative blockchain solutions for various industries. They are dedicated to enhancing security, transparency, and efficiency in business processes through tailored blockchain applications.
Key Data
- Founded: 2010
- Headquarters: Jaipur, India
- Employees: 150+
- Notable Clients: Diverse clients across healthcare, finance, logistics, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Development: Building robust, scalable blockchain solutions and decentralized applications (dApps).
- Smart Contract Development: Automating business processes with secure smart contracts.
- Blockchain Consulting: Comprehensive consulting to identify blockchain opportunities and develop implementation strategies.
- Token Development: Assisting in launching cryptocurrencies and tokens.
- Private and Public Blockchain Solutions: Developing tailored private and public blockchain networks.
Why Choose NBT?
- Experienced Team: Skilled professionals with extensive blockchain project experience.
- Customized Solutions: Tailored services to meet unique business needs.
- End-to-End Services: Comprehensive support from consulting to ongoing maintenance.
- Focus on Security: Implementing best practices for data and asset protection.
- Proven Track Record: A history of successful projects and satisfied clients.
- Commitment to Innovation: Staying updated with the latest blockchain trends.
2. Tata Consultancy Services (TCS)
Overview
TCS is a global leader in IT services, consulting, and business solutions, leveraging over five decades of experience. The company has a dedicated blockchain practice that provides end-to-end solutions, helping businesses transform their operations using blockchain technology.
Key Data
- Founded: 1968
- Headquarters: Mumbai, India
- Employees: Over 500,000
- Notable Clients: Sony, Coca-Cola, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Consulting: Strategic advisory to help organizations identify blockchain opportunities.
- Custom Blockchain Development: Tailored solutions to build decentralized applications (dApps) and blockchain platforms.
- Smart Contract Development: Automated contract execution and management for increased efficiency.
Why Choose TCS?
With its extensive industry experience, TCS ensures that blockchain solutions are aligned with business objectives and regulatory requirements, providing a competitive edge to its clients.
3. Wipro
Overview
Wipro is a multinational corporation that offers IT services and consulting. Their blockchain practice focuses on enabling businesses to adopt blockchain technology seamlessly, ensuring enhanced operational efficiency and trust.
Key Data
- Founded: 1945
- Headquarters: Bangalore, India
- Employees: 250,000+
- Notable Clients: Ford, Unilever, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Strategy and Advisory: Comprehensive assessments to strategize blockchain adoption.
- Blockchain Development and Integration: Building and integrating blockchain applications tailored to specific business needs.
- Managed Services: Continuous support and management of blockchain systems.
Why Choose Wipro?
Wipro’s commitment to innovation, combined with a strong focus on client collaboration, allows them to deliver robust blockchain solutions that drive digital transformation.
3. Infosys
Overview
Infosys is a renowned multinational corporation providing IT services and consulting. Their blockchain solutions are designed to enhance the security and efficiency of business processes, enabling clients to stay ahead in a competitive landscape.
Key Data
- Founded: 1981
- Headquarters: Bangalore, India
- Employees: 300,000+
- Notable Clients: Boeing, Microsoft, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Development: Custom blockchain platforms to facilitate secure transactions and data sharing.
- Digital Asset Management: Solutions for managing digital assets securely using blockchain technology.
- Smart Contracts: Development of self-executing contracts to streamline operations.
Why Choose Infosys?
Infosys leverages its deep industry expertise and technology prowess to deliver scalable and secure blockchain solutions tailored to client requirements.
4. Cognizant
Overview
Cognizant is a leading professional services company that transforms business operations through innovative technology solutions, including blockchain. They specialize in providing scalable blockchain solutions that drive business efficiency.
Key Data
- Founded: 1994
- Headquarters: Teaneck, New Jersey, USA (with significant operations in India)
- Employees: 350,000+
- Notable Clients: American Express, Walgreens, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Strategy and Implementation: Comprehensive strategy formulation and execution for blockchain adoption.
- Blockchain Application Development: Building custom applications for various industries, including finance and supply chain.
- Custom Smart Contracts: Development of tailored smart contracts to automate and secure transactions.
Why Choose Cognizant?
Cognizant’s strong focus on technology innovation and commitment to client success ensures that they deliver effective and future-proof blockchain solutions.
5. Tech Mahindra
Overview
Tech Mahindra is a part of the Mahindra Group and provides IT services and solutions across various sectors. Their blockchain practice focuses on delivering transformative solutions that enhance business processes and security.
Key Data
- Founded: 1986
- Headquarters: Pune, India
- Employees: Over 125,000
- Notable Clients: British Telecom, Cisco, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Consulting: Strategic advisory services to identify and implement blockchain solutions.
- Decentralized Application Development: Building dApps tailored to business requirements.
- Hyperledger Development: Expertise in building blockchain solutions using Hyperledger frameworks.
Why Choose Tech Mahindra?
Tech Mahindra’s focus on innovation and customer-centric solutions positions it as a leader in the blockchain development space, ensuring high-quality deliverables.
6. Accenture
Overview
Accenture is a global professional services company that provides a broad range of services, including blockchain solutions. Their blockchain expertise helps businesses streamline processes and enhance transparency.
Key Data
- Founded: 1989
- Headquarters: Dublin, Ireland (with major operations in India)
- Employees: 700,000+
- Notable Clients: Unilever, Nestlé, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Strategy and Advisory: Formulating tailored strategies for effective blockchain adoption.
- Custom Blockchain Application Development: Developing robust blockchain applications for various industries.
- Blockchain Ecosystem Development: Building collaborative networks to foster blockchain adoption.
Why Choose Accenture?
Accenture’s vast resources and industry expertise enable them to deliver comprehensive blockchain solutions that address complex business challenges.
7. Zensar Technologies
Overview
Zensar Technologies is a digital solutions and technology services company that leverages blockchain technology to enhance business operations and improve transparency.
Key Data
- Founded: 1922
- Headquarters: Pune, India
- Employees: 10,000+
- Notable Clients: The International Olympic Committee, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Strategy: Assessing and developing blockchain strategies for businesses.
- Custom Blockchain Solutions: Tailored solutions to meet unique business needs.
- Smart Contracts Development: Developing secure and automated contracts to streamline operations.
Why Choose Zensar?
Zensar’s commitment to innovation and a customer-centric approach make it a trusted partner for organizations looking to adopt blockchain technology.
8. Eleks
Overview
Eleks is a software development company that specializes in providing high-quality blockchain solutions. Their team of experts collaborates with businesses to develop innovative blockchain applications.
Key Data
- Founded: 1991
- Headquarters: Lviv, Ukraine (with a presence in India)
- Employees: 1,000+
- Notable Clients: Fortune 500 companies across various sectors.
Services
- Blockchain Consulting and Strategy: Offering insights and strategies for effective blockchain implementation.
- Custom Blockchain Software Development: Tailored software solutions to meet specific business challenges.
- Decentralized Applications: Development of secure and efficient dApps for various industries.
Why Choose Eleks?
With a strong emphasis on R&D, Eleks delivers innovative and tailored blockchain solutions to meet the evolving needs of their clients.
9. Intellectsoft
Overview
Intellectsoft specializes in providing custom software development services, including blockchain solutions for various sectors. Their focus is on creating scalable and secure blockchain applications.
Key Data
- Founded: 2007
- Headquarters: Palo Alto, California (with offices in India)
- Employees: 200+
- Notable Clients: Volvo, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Application Development: Building custom blockchain applications to enhance operational efficiency.
- Smart Contracts Development: Creating automated contracts for secure transactions.
- Token Development: Expertise in developing utility and security tokens.
Why Choose Intellectsoft?
Intellectsoft’s combination of technology expertise and industry knowledge enables them to deliver effective blockchain solutions tailored to client needs.
10. HashCash Consultants
Overview
HashCash Consultants is a blockchain technology company that provides innovative solutions to improve operational efficiency and transparency for businesses.
Key Data
- Founded: 2015
- Headquarters: Palo Alto, California (with a strong presence in India)
- Employees: 150+
- Notable Clients: Various global enterprises and startups.
Services
- Blockchain Development: Creating robust blockchain solutions for diverse applications.
- Cryptocurrency Exchange Development: Building secure and efficient cryptocurrency platforms.
- ICO Services: Assisting businesses in launching Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs).
Why Choose HashCash?
HashCash’s innovative approach, combined with a dedicated team, positions them as a strong choice for organizations looking to implement blockchain technology.
11. OpenXcell
Overview
OpenXcell is a leading mobile app and software development company that provides blockchain development services. Their focus is on creating secure and efficient blockchain solutions for businesses.
Key Data
- Founded: 2009
- Headquarters: Ahmedabad, India
- Employees: 250+
- Notable Clients: 100+ global clients across various sectors.
Services
- Blockchain Development: Custom blockchain solutions tailored to business needs.
- Smart Contract Development: Creating automated contracts to enhance efficiency.
- ICO and Token Development: Assisting startups in launching successful ICOs.
Why Choose OpenXcell?
OpenXcell’s commitment to quality and customer satisfaction makes them a trusted partner for blockchain initiatives.
12. SoluLab
Overview
SoluLab is a premier blockchain development company that specializes in providing end-to-end blockchain solutions. They focus on helping businesses leverage blockchain technology for growth.
Key Data
- Founded: 2014
- Headquarters: Atlanta, Georgia (with a strong presence in India)
- Employees: 150+
- Notable Clients: Universal Studios, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Development and Consulting: Comprehensive services to guide businesses in their blockchain journey.
- Smart Contracts Development: Automating business processes with secure smart contracts.
- Cryptocurrency Wallet Development: Building secure wallets for digital asset management.
Why Choose SoluLab?
SoluLab’s focus on innovation and a customer-centric approach ensures the delivery of effective blockchain solutions.
13. Hyperlink InfoSystem
Overview
Hyperlink InfoSystem is a top-rated blockchain development company known for its comprehensive services. They help businesses implement blockchain technology to streamline operations and enhance security.
Key Data
- Founded: 2011
- Headquarters: Ahmedabad, India
- Employees: 250+
- Notable Clients: Vodafone, Nissan, and more.
Services
- Blockchain Application Development: Custom applications designed to meet specific business needs.
- Smart Contract Development: Automating contracts to enhance efficiency and reduce fraud.
- ICO and Token Development: Supporting businesses in launching successful ICOs.
Why Choose Hyperlink InfoSystem?
With a strong portfolio and a dedicated team, Hyperlink InfoSystem delivers high-quality blockchain solutions that drive business success.
14. Blockchain App Factory
Overview
Blockchain App Factory specializes in creating comprehensive blockchain solutions tailored to business needs. They focus on decentralized applications and smart contracts to enhance operational efficiency.
Key Data
- Founded: 2017
- Headquarters: Chennai, India
- Employees: 100+
- Notable Clients: Various startups and enterprises.
Services
- Blockchain Development: Custom development services to build secure and scalable blockchain solutions.
- Cryptocurrency Exchange Development: Creating efficient platforms for cryptocurrency trading.
- ICO Services: Comprehensive support for launching Initial Coin Offerings.
Why Choose Blockchain App Factory?
Their expertise in blockchain technology and commitment to delivering value make them a reliable partner for businesses.
15. Minddeft Technologies
Overview
Minddeft Technologies is an emerging blockchain development company that focuses on delivering innovative solutions to help businesses harness the power of blockchain.
Key Data
- Founded: 2016
- Headquarters: Noida, India
- Employees: 50+
- Notable Clients: Various startups and enterprises.
Services
- Custom Blockchain Development: Tailored solutions to meet unique business challenges.
- Smart Contract Development: Automating processes through secure smart contracts.
- Blockchain Consulting: Expert guidance on blockchain implementation strategies.
Why Choose Minddeft?
Minddeft’s focus on innovation and agility enables them to deliver tailored solutions that align with client objectives.
16. iPraxa
Overview
iPraxa is a blockchain development company that offers a wide range of services to help businesses implement blockchain technology effectively. They focus on delivering customized solutions that drive growth.
Key Data
- Founded: 2014
- Headquarters: Noida, India
- Employees: 100+
- Notable Clients: Various clients in diverse sectors.
Services
- Blockchain Consulting: Assessing and developing blockchain strategies for businesses.
- Decentralized Application Development: Building dApps that cater to specific business needs.
- Smart Contracts Development: Creating automated contracts to enhance operational efficiency.
Why Choose iPraxa?
Their dedicated team and commitment to quality make iPraxa a strong partner for blockchain projects.
17. Acoer
Overview
Acoer specializes in blockchain solutions that improve transparency and efficiency for businesses across various sectors. They are dedicated to creating a seamless blockchain experience.
Key Data
- Founded: 2016
- Headquarters: San Diego, California (with operations in India)
- Employees: 50+
- Notable Clients: Various enterprises.
Services
- Blockchain Application Development: Custom development to streamline business processes.
- Smart Contracts Development: Automating contracts for enhanced security and efficiency.
- Blockchain Integration: Integrating blockchain solutions with existing systems for seamless operations.
Why Choose Acoer?
Acoer’s commitment to delivering innovative and effective blockchain solutions makes them a valuable partner for businesses.
18. ChainSafe Systems
Overview
ChainSafe Systems is a blockchain development company focused on building decentralized applications and providing blockchain consulting services. They are dedicated to enhancing the accessibility of blockchain technology.
Key Data
- Founded: 2017
- Headquarters: Toronto, Canada (with a presence in India)
- Employees: 100+
- Notable Clients: Ethereum, and more.
Services
- Decentralized Application Development: Creating dApps for various use cases.
- Blockchain Consulting: Expert guidance on blockchain implementation and strategy.
- Smart Contract Development: Developing secure and efficient smart contracts.
Why Choose ChainSafe Systems?
Their focus on decentralization and commitment to building accessible blockchain solutions sets them apart in the industry.
19. Trends in Blockchain
Overview
Trends in Blockchain is a tech consulting company specializing in blockchain solutions. They help businesses harness the potential of blockchain to enhance operational efficiency and security.
Key Data
- Founded: 2018
- Headquarters: Mumbai, India
- Employees: 50+
- Notable Clients: Startups and SMEs across various sectors.
Services
- Blockchain Development: Tailored blockchain solutions to meet specific business needs.
- Smart Contracts Development: Automating processes through smart contracts.
- Blockchain Consulting: Comprehensive advisory services for blockchain implementation.
Why Choose Trends in Blockchain?
Their dedication to innovation and customer satisfaction makes them a trusted partner for businesses looking to adopt blockchain technology.
20. Covalent
Overview
Covalent is a blockchain development company that focuses on building scalable and efficient blockchain solutions for businesses. They are dedicated to providing end-to-end blockchain services.
Key Data
- Founded: 2020
- Headquarters: Bangalore, India
- Employees: 50+
- Notable Clients: Various startups and enterprises.
Services
- Custom Blockchain Development: Tailored solutions to address unique business challenges.
- Smart Contract Development: Creating automated contracts for secure and efficient transactions.
- Blockchain Consulting: Expert guidance on blockchain strategy and implementation.
Why Choose Covalent?
Covalent’s focus on delivering high-quality, innovative blockchain solutions makes them a strong choice for organizations seeking to leverage blockchain technology.
Benefits of Hiring Blockchain Development Companies in India
In recent years, blockchain technology has emerged as a revolutionary force across various industries, from finance to supply chain management. As businesses increasingly recognize the potential of blockchain, the demand for specialized expertise has soared. Hiring blockchain development companies in India presents several advantages that can significantly benefit organizations seeking to harness this technology.
1. Cost-Effective Solutions
India is known for its competitive pricing in IT services, including blockchain development. Companies can access high-quality expertise without incurring the high costs often associated with hiring local developers in Western countries. This cost-effectiveness allows businesses to allocate resources more efficiently while still achieving their blockchain objectives.
2. Access to Skilled Talent
India boasts a vast pool of highly skilled IT professionals, including blockchain developers, architects, and consultants. These experts are well-versed in various blockchain platforms and technologies, such as Ethereum, Hyperledger, and Corda. By hiring Indian blockchain development companies, organizations can tap into this talent to ensure their projects are executed with precision and expertise.
3. Rapid Development and Deployment
Blockchain development companies in India are experienced in agile methodologies and modern development practices, allowing them to deliver projects quickly and efficiently. This rapid turnaround time is crucial for businesses looking to launch products or services promptly in a competitive market.
4. Innovation and Adaptability
Indian blockchain companies are often at the forefront of technological advancements. Their ability to innovate and adapt to the latest trends ensures that businesses receive cutting-edge solutions. Whether it’s integrating artificial intelligence with blockchain or utilizing smart contracts, these companies bring fresh perspectives to problem-solving.
5. Comprehensive Services
Many blockchain development companies in India offer end-to-end services, from initial consulting to post-deployment support. This comprehensive approach ensures that businesses receive continuous assistance throughout their blockchain journey, mitigating risks and maximizing the technology’s potential.
6. Customized Solutions
Understanding that each business has unique challenges, Indian blockchain developers excel at creating tailored solutions that meet specific requirements. This customization ensures that the implemented blockchain system aligns with the organization’s goals and processes, leading to better results.
7. Strong Communication Skills
Indian professionals are often proficient in English, facilitating seamless communication between clients and developers. Clear and effective communication is vital in blockchain projects, where understanding complex requirements and providing timely updates can significantly impact project success.
8. Time Zone Advantage
India’s time zone can be advantageous for companies in North America and Europe. Many Indian blockchain development firms operate with flexible hours, allowing for round-the-clock progress on projects. This overlap in work hours can lead to faster project completion and timely feedback loops.
9. Proven Track Record
India is home to numerous successful blockchain projects across various sectors, including finance, healthcare, and logistics. Hiring a company with a proven track record ensures that organizations are partnering with a firm that has experience delivering successful outcomes.
10. Focus on Security
With the increasing importance of data security and privacy, blockchain development companies in India prioritize implementing best practices in security. This focus ensures that the solutions developed are not only efficient but also robust against potential threats, providing peace of mind for businesses.
